Technical Analysis and Development of Single Bamboo Floating from the Perspective of Education and Psychology
Comparative Effects of Teacher and Peer Verbal Encouragement on Psychological Responses During Physical Education Activities: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Study
Abstrct
Aim: Psychosocial support in Physical Education (PE), such as verbal encouragement, plays a vital role in elucidating the mechanisms through which such support influences adolescents' motivation, psychophysiological responses, and sustained engagement in physical activity. This study investigated the differential effects of teacher and peer verbal encouragement versus no encouragement on students’ mood states, physical activity enjoyment, and perceived exertion during physical education activities. Twenty-four male adolescent students (age: 15.3±0.7 years; height: 171.2±5.8 cm; body mass: 62.4±4.6 kg) participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design study. Participants completed four sessions of small-sided games under three conditions: teacher verbal encouragement (VE-Teacher), peer verbal encouragement (VE-Peer), and no verbal encouragement control (NVE). Mood state (POMS), physical-activity-enjoyment (PACES), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed across sessions. Mood, activity enjoyment, and perceived effort improved significantly in both verbal encouragement conditions compared to the control condition. Teacher and peer verbal encouragement led to significantly greater improvements across all outcomes compared to the control condition, with medium and large effect sizes observed. No significant interaction effects were detected between teacher and peer encouragement for any outcome measures. Both teacher and peer verbal encouragement enhanced students' mood states, physical activity enjoyment, and perceived exertion compared to no encouragement. The comparable effects between VE conditions suggest that peer encouragement may be as effective as teacher encouragement in improving psychological and affective responses during physical education activities.
María Dolores Molina Poveda, Eduardo Galak
Abstrct
The advent of cinema brought with it its use as a propaganda device with which to transmit ideals and doctrines. As a result, newsreels and cinema documentaries were born with the aim of showing the «most relevant» news of the country and abroad, the former with a shorter duration. In this study, the Spanish NO-DO and «Sucesos Argentinos» are used as primary sources to interpret the images and imaginaries that were projected between 1943 and 1955 on female physical culture. The intention is to understand the official discourse of both political regimes on what Argentinean and Spanish society should be like, especially by questioning those meanings about women. In total, 69 issues of NO-DO and 14 editions of «Sucesos Argentinos» have been found which aim to show female physical culture in this period. The female physical culture shown in both newsreels was aimed at strengthening women’s bodies so that they could carry out their «natural functions» (mother, wife, housewife), as well as highlighting their «inferiority» in relation to men through lower impact activities and the homogenization of bodies through clothing, and the performance of the same exercises in synchrony. And all this in countries with different regimes, but which, in the end, coincided.
Keywords:
female physical culture, NO-DO, Sucesos Argentinos, propaganda, audio-visual images
