Technical Analysis and Development of Single Bamboo Floating from the Perspective of Education and Psychology
A Systematic Review of Validity and Reliability of Perceived Exertion Scales to Older Adults
Abstrct
Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales have been used to monitor and to prescribe exercise intensity of older adults, although many scales have not determined the validity and reliability of this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of RPE scales applied to older adults. We performed the systematic search of the articles in March 2020 and included Web of Science, Scopus, PsycInfo, PubMed, Virtual Health Library, and Science Direct databases. We limited the search to the English language, with no year restriction. A modified McMaster (1998) critical appraisal tool determined the level of quality assessment in each included study. Forty-four papers met the inclusion criteria and there were 5 different RPE scales that had been used with older adults. A lower score in methodological quality was found to scale application (i.e., definition, instruction, or familiarization) and there was no consensus about the instructions to use RPE scales. The Borg 6-20 was the more suitable tool for controlling exercise in older adults, due to its validation and cross-cultural adaptation for older adults. Thus, the results of this systematic review demonstrate the need for studies performing a cross-cultural adaptation of other RPE scales to different languages and their validity and reliability under different exercise conditions when considering older adults’ evaluations.
María Dolores Molina Poveda, Eduardo Galak
Abstrct
The advent of cinema brought with it its use as a propaganda device with which to transmit ideals and doctrines. As a result, newsreels and cinema documentaries were born with the aim of showing the «most relevant» news of the country and abroad, the former with a shorter duration. In this study, the Spanish NO-DO and «Sucesos Argentinos» are used as primary sources to interpret the images and imaginaries that were projected between 1943 and 1955 on female physical culture. The intention is to understand the official discourse of both political regimes on what Argentinean and Spanish society should be like, especially by questioning those meanings about women. In total, 69 issues of NO-DO and 14 editions of «Sucesos Argentinos» have been found which aim to show female physical culture in this period. The female physical culture shown in both newsreels was aimed at strengthening women’s bodies so that they could carry out their «natural functions» (mother, wife, housewife), as well as highlighting their «inferiority» in relation to men through lower impact activities and the homogenization of bodies through clothing, and the performance of the same exercises in synchrony. And all this in countries with different regimes, but which, in the end, coincided.
Keywords:
female physical culture, NO-DO, Sucesos Argentinos, propaganda, audio-visual images
